NBER U.S. Patent Citations Data File comprise detailed information on almost 3 million U.S. patents granted between January 1963 and December 1999, all citations made to these patents between 1975 and 1999 (over 16 million), and a reasonably broad match of patents to Compustat. The data are freely available below in two compressed (".zip") formats: SAS transport (.tpt) files and ASCII comma-separated variable (.csv) files.
In addition, the Patent Data Project contains NBER patent data project US Patent data for 1976-2006 and assignee match to Compustat. More current patent data information is available on the Innovation Information Initiative website.